India Catalina and Malintzin were Native American women slaves who worked for the Spaniards. Although they added a great deal to the European map-makers’ knowledge of the interior of North America, the members of the expedition found no sign of the storied wealth of Cíbola. Although well received, he was forbidden to depart. A hurricane destroyed one of Narváez’s ships and damaged the others, forcing the party to winter in Cuba. As time passed, the Portuguese created the Viceroyalty of Brazil. Elliot, introductory essay to Anthony Pagdens translation of Cortés's letters "Hernán Cortés" letters from Mexico" 2001 (1971, 1986) Yale University NotaBene books. In 1564, Miguel López de Legazpi was commissioned by the viceroy of New Spain, Luís de Velasco, to explore the Maluku Islands where Magellan and Ruy López de Villalobos had landed in 1521 and 1543, respectively. Several historians have hypothesized that John II may have known of the existence of Brazil and North America as early as 1480, thus explaining his wish in 1494 at the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas, to push the line of influence further west. When the others were struck ill, Estevanico continued alone, opening up what is now New Mexico and Arizona. After several months of fighting native inhabitants through wilderness and swamp, the party reached Apalachee Bay with 242 men. Dávila sent Gil González Dávila to explore northward, and Pedro de Alvarado to explore Guatemala. Born in Africa, Garrido lived as a young slave in Portugal before being sold to a Spaniard and acquiring his freedom fighting in the conquests of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and other islands. The Pinzón brothers, seamen of the Tinto–Odiel participated in Columbus's undertaking. From 1546 to 1547 Francis Xavier worked in Maluku among the peoples of Ambon Island, Ternate, and Morotai, and laid the foundations for the Christian religion there. [109] A scarcity of firearms did not prevent conquistadors to pioneer the use mounted arquebusiers, an early form of dragoon. Even some rich nobility families' members became soldiers or missionaries, but mostly not the firstborn heirs. Some groups consisted of young men without military experience, Catholic clergy who helped with administrative duties, and soldiers with military training. Fernão Vaz Dourado (Goa ≈1520 – ≈1580), produced work of extraordinary quality and beauty, giving him a reputation as one of the best cartographers of the time. Then something happened that improved their circumstances dramatically. Both the Portuguese claim to Brazil and the Spanish claim to the Moluccas (see East Indies#History) depended on the treaty. European young men enlisted in the army because it was one way out of poverty. Cabeza de Vaca reported that in 1528, when the Spanish landed in Texas, "half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us. William Taubman, political scientist, author; won Pulitzer Prize for biography (2004) for his biography of Nikita Khrushchev. Under Afonso V (1443–1481), surnamed the African, the Gulf of Guinea was explored as far as Cape St Catherine (Cabo Santa Caterina),[40][41][42] and three expeditions in 1458, 1461 and 1471, were sent to Morocco; in 1471 Arzila (Asila) and Tangier were captured from the Moors. He landed at Recife, the port of Pernambuco, in January 1637. The Portuguese Diogo Rodrigues explored the Indian Ocean in 1528, he explored the islands of Réunion, Mauritius, and Rodrigues, naming it the Mascarene or Mascarenhas Islands, after his countryman Pedro Mascarenhas, who had been there before. As some years afterward the Dutch in Brazil appealed to Holland for craftsmen of all kinds, many Jews went to Brazil; about 600 Jews left Amsterdam in 1642, accompanied by two distinguished scholars – Isaac Aboab da Fonseca and Moses Raphael de Aguilar. The viceroy of New Spain Antonio de Mendoza, for whom is named the Codex Mendoza, commissioned several expeditions to explore and establish settlements in the northern lands of New Spain in 1540–42. The approval read: "In July 1529 the queen of Spain signed a charter allowing Pizarro to conquer the Incas. Animals were another important factor for Spanish triumph. The Comoros at the north proved to be a more practical port of call. Gonzalo Pizarro, another brother of Francisco Pizarro, rose in revolt, killed viceroy Blasco Núñez Vela and most of his Spanish army in the battle in 1546, and Gonzalo attempted to have himself crowned king. In 1521, a force under António Correia conquered Bahrain, ushering in a period of almost eighty years of Portuguese rule of the Persian Gulf. The ship that truly launched the first phase of the discoveries along the African coast was the Portuguese caravel. Dorantes told Cabeza de Vaca that he had attempted to convince Castillo and Estévanico to join him in trying to escape from the natives and head toward the Spanish settlements in Mexico, but they had refused. The Magellan–Elcano voyage. Native allied troops were largely infantry equipped with armament and armour that varied geographically. He claimed to have been the first person to plant wheat in Mexico. [92], When Francisco Coronado and the Spaniards first explored the Rio Grande Valley in 1540, in modern New Mexico, some of the chieftains complained of new diseases that affected their tribes. These war dogs were used against barely clothed troops. The army with which Hernán Cortés besieged Tenochtitlan was composed of 200,000 soldiers, of which fewer than 1% were Spaniards. Majorca had many skilled Jewish cartographers. The fall of Tenochtitlan marks the beginning of Spanish rule in central Mexico, and they established their capital of Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado's 1540–1542 expedition began as a search for the fabled Cities of Gold, but after learning from natives in New Mexico of a large river to the west, he sent García López de Cárdenas to lead a small contingent to find it. In April 1529, Andrés Dorantes gathered the survivors of his boat, including Estévanico and Castillo, and crossed to the mainland, leaving Cabeza de Vaca and his men behind. [95][96] This has added to the body of epidemiological evidence indicating that cocoliztli epidemics (Nahuatl name for viral haemorrhagic fever) were indigenous fevers transmitted by rodents and aggravated by the drought. Before moving on, Cabeza de Vaca extracted promises that the Indians would be allowed to live in peace. Although they usually chose to forget black contributions in written accounts of Spanish campaigns, Spaniards occasionally admitted that African men were outstanding soldiers (because so many African men became slaves by being captured on battlefields back in Africa, they already had military experience before coming to the Americas). In 1517 Francisco Hernández de Córdoba sailed from Cuba in search of slaves along the coast of Yucatán. Other conquistadors took over the Inca Empire after crossing the Isthmus of Panama and sailing the Pacific to northern Peru. For other uses, see, Soldiers and explorers for the Spanish and Portuguese empires, Colonization of Mesoamerica, the Caribbean, and South America, Asia and Oceania colonization, and the Pacific exploration, After 1500: West and East Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, p30-31 of J.H. The water bags made from horses’ legs rotted within a day or two, leaving the men without fresh water, and the only food remaining was a little dry maize. Their story so alarmed the friar that he turned around immediately and headed back to Mexico. The Portuguese frequently relied on the help of Jesuits and European adventurers who lived together with the aborigines and knew their languages and culture, such as João Ramalho, who lived among the Guaianaz tribe near today's São Paulo, and Diogo Álvares Correia, who lived among the Tupinamba natives near today's Salvador de Bahia. To beat the Inca civilization, they supported one side of a civil war. [64] In 1526, a large force of Portuguese ships under the command of Pedro Mascarenhas was sent to conquer Bintan, where Sultan Mahmud was based. After receiving notice from Juan de Grijalva of gold in the area of what is now Tabasco, the governor of Cuba, Diego de Velasquez, sent a larger force than had previously sailed, and appointed Cortés as Captain-General of the Armada. Bartolomeu Dias crossed the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, thus proving that the Indian Ocean was accessible by sea. The large area of Bahia and its city, the strategically important Salvador, was recovered quickly by an Iberian military expedition in 1625. They forbade the maltreatment of indigenous people, and endorsed their conversion to Catholicism. [citation needed]. Part of the Ternatean population chose to leave with the Spanish, settling near Manila in what later became the municipality of Ternate. He fought for many years in Chile and Peru. [70] Serrão urged Ferdinand Magellan to join him in Maluku, and sent the explorer information about the Spice Islands. . In 1611, Sebastián Vizcaíno surveyed the east coast of Japan and from the year of 1611 to 1614 he was ambassador of King Felipe III in Japan returning to Acapulco in the year of 1614. The Portuguese first landed in Ambon in 1513, but it only became the new centre for their activities in Maluku following the expulsion from Ternate. [citation needed]. Fray Marcos was annoyed to find himself–a man of God and titular leader of this enterprise–relegated to a secondary role. Because of his familiarity with the people in the Sonoran region, Estévanico received an appointment as Fray (Brother) Marcos’s translator and guide. They spent years enslaved by the Ananarivo of the Louisiana Gulf Islands. [61], In 1509, the Portuguese under Francisco de Almeida won a critical victory in the battle of Diu against a joint Mamluk and Arab fleet sent to counteract their presence in the Arabian Sea. [clarification needed] In 1630 the West India Company conquered part of Brazil, and the colony of New Holland (capital Mauritsstad, present-day Recife) was founded. Saint Augustine, Christian theologian and philosopher. They continued through Coahuila and Nueva Vizcaya; then down the Gulf of California coast to what is now Sinaloa, Mexico, over a period of roughly eight years. The Crown reserved for itself important tools of intervention. Colonization was effectively begun in 1534, when Dom João III divided the territory into twelve hereditary captaincies,[77][78] a model that had previously been used successfully in the colonization of the Madeira Island, but this arrangement proved problematic and in 1549 the king assigned a Governor-General to administer the entire colony,[78][79] Tomé de Sousa. He fought in the Spanish–American War as a free servant or auxiliary, participating in Spanish expeditions to other parts of Mexico (including Baja California) in the 1520s and 1530s. The Portuguese sailors sailed eastward to such places as Taiwan, Japan, and the island of Timor. As their reputation grew, the healers were treated with ever-increasing honor and called the ‘children of the sun.’ Their patients became so numerous that all four men had to serve as healers, and their reputations were so solid that when someone died, the people assumed that the deceased had somehow offended the healers and deserved his fate. He made no attempt to escape from Malhado Island, he later reported, because the only other survivor from his party–Lope de Ovieda–could not be convinced to leave. [73] Subsequently, in 1501 and 1502 the Corte-Real brothers explored and charted Greenland and the coasts of present-day Newfoundland and Labrador, claiming these lands as part of the Portuguese Empire. While a slave, he went with his Spanish owner on a campaign. Since the 1549 arrival to Kagoshima (Kyushu) of a group of Jesuits with St. Francis Xavier missionary and Portuguese traders, Spain was interested in Japan. Catholic religious orders that participated and supported the exploration, evangelizing and pacifying, were mostly Dominicans, Carmelites, Franciscans and Jesuits, for example Francis Xavier, Bartolomé de Las Casas, Eusebio Kino, Juan de Palafox y Mendoza or Gaspar da Cruz. Around 1571, Zanzibar became part of the western division of the Portuguese empire and was administered from Mozambique. Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés wrote that Ponce de León was looking for the waters of Bimini to cure his aging.